The SS-31 Masterclass | The Complete User's Guide (2026)

0:00 Hey everybody, this is Hunter Williams. I hope you're doing amazing wherever you at in the world. Today's video is going to be a master class on SS 31. The last one I did was on retitrucide and SS31 continues to me one of my favorite peptides of all time. And I think the more and more data that comes out on it, it's obviously FDA approved now, but the More and More data That comes Out on It, It just seems to Be doing better and better things. I've been using it for several years now. I love this peptide. And today what I'm going to attempt to do is create a masterclass.

0:32 So by the end of this video, you know exactly what SS31 is doing, what it's used for, and how to actually practically use it, whether you're a clinician in practice or someone just researching for yourself. Again, this is all for entertainment purposes only. You should not do any of the things that I tell you in my video. But I think this one will be pretty cool. SS31 is a really cool peptide. It works a lot differently than a lotta the other peptides out there, specifically on what it's doing to our cells. And I'm really excited to dive into that today. So I gonna pull up my screen. I've got a plethora of slides for us to jump through today, and that's what we'll cover.

1:02 But thank you guys so much for tuning in. Before I say that, to make sure that you are in touch with me, the best place to do so is on the email list. To make you're signed up for that as censorship is the rise and I continue to videos like this that may or may not be loved by the algorithms that wanna take my channels down. Also too, if you want to ask me questions, message me privately, come onto live group calls with me and have access to me. The best place to do that is inside the Accion Collective. We almost have 240 members in there now. So it's going strong. And we have a lot of really amazing people in their, a lotta health coaches.

1:32 Not only we get the advice of me, but you get advice from a really smart people, smart doctors, and smart coaches and everything in here. Join that if want you to get more access, to meet and all the amazing in people there. Without further ado, I'm going to share my screen and today we are going And you probably, if you're in the peptide world,

2:08 you hear about GLPs, the healing peptides, but not that many people talk about SS31. So I think it's actually one of the most important peptidies you'll understand in health optimization. It is not just a fat burner, it is obviously not doing anything growth hormone, It's not a tissue healer, and it not any of those other ones that we know the Peptide class, not necessarily a beauty peptde like GHK. It actually travels inside of ourselves, finds the inner membrane of our mitochondria, which again, for lack of a better way to say it, are the power plant of the cells, and stabilizes the molecular scaffolding that produces energy.

2:41 And so when we look at SS31, we're really looking at energy dynamics and how energy flows to the body. On September 19th of 2025, the FDA granted accelerated approval to SS31, which is called a Lamaprotide, is the other name for it, under the brand name Forzenity. And this was the first mitochondria targeted therapeutic peptide ever approved, Which I think is indicative of where this class is moving, as hopefully, depending on the administration that is in power, peptides become more prevalent. We have more of an acceptance of these at a mainstream level.

3:13 And today we're going to cover how it works, who it helps, how to dose it, what to stack it with, and what the track and how how. It fits in the broader arc of our mitochondrial health. So looking at the foundations, What is a peptide just to begin with? So obviously you guys know a Peptide is the short chain of amino acids, which are the building blocks of every protein in our body. Insulin is a peptide. Oxytocin is peptides. There's a ton of different peptids. I don't need to go over that with you guys, but synthetic peptides for health optimization are made through solid phase pepti synthesis and almost always given via subcutaneous injection because stomach acid destroys most of it.

3:43 So that's just rundown on peptidae in general. and SS31 is actually not an endogenous peptide. So, for instance, pomocy and huminin are mitochondrial peptides that are endogeneous. SS 31 is not one that we naturally make, which doesn't mean it's a bad thing. It just means that this is one we don't naturally do. This is a synthetic tetrapeptide, a chain of four amino acids, has a molecular weight of about 640 daltons, and is small enough to cross cell membranes that block larger molecules. That's what makes it Really cool.

4:13 I've always wondered why they call a tetrapeptide one with four amino acids because a tripeptide is three amino acid. You think it'd be like quadrupepid, but anyway, tangent of language. So what is SS31? So the sequence is D-Arginine 2,6-dimethyltiracine, lysine and phenylalanine. with an amide cap. It was designed in the early 2000s at Cornell University by Hazel Setso and Peter Schiller, hence the SS in SS-31.

4:43 And it comes from Setzo-Schiller series peptide 31, so that's why it's named SS 31 in case you were wondering. And so it was SS31, that was the original research name, also called MTP131. Bendavia was original commercial name. Elamapratide is the international non-proprietary name and then Forzenity is FDA approved brand name so if you hear any of these, most of the time you're probably going to hear SS-31 but if hear these we're all talking about the same thing. So let's look at the mitochondria and why SS31 is so important in the context of mitochondrion.

5:16 So every cell except red blood cells contain hundreds to thousands of Mitochondria, and they produce ATP, which is the universal energy currency. When you hear ATP adenosine triphosphate, just think energy. Just think getting out of bed in morning and having some get up and go. Obviously ATP does a lot of things, but just for simplicity sake, think about that. and we have a healthy adult, they turn over roughly their own body weight in ATP every day. So we're constantly churning through ATP and each mitochondrion has two membranes.

5:46 The inner membrane is folded into pleated ridges called cristae and that's going to be very important when we look at what SS31 is doing. And the cristae house the electron transport chain, which are complexes one through four and ATP synthase. That's a lot of Very fancy language, why does it matter? So nearly every chronic disease of aging involves mitochondrial dysfunction. And so when we look at this process that I just explained and summed up, the lack of efficiency in that process leads to a lot of the chronic diseases.

6:17 So when you look heart failure, when look neurodegenerative disease, sarcopenia, which is muscle wasting, and lack of bone density. When we look at type 2 diabetes, when we looked at kidney disease, all of these share disorganized cristae, scattered respiratory complexes, electron leakage, reactive oxygen species production, and failing ATP output. And again, When We Look At These Chronic Diseases, mitochondrial dysfunction is usually always going to be involved in them. So when you look It's not working on any of those specific diseases per se, but what it's doing is working upstream on the mitochondria to enhance energy

6:56 that will then end up leading to a healthy body. So let's keep going. And specifically when we look at SS31, it is going to be involved in this thing known as cardiolipid. Cardiolippin is a unique phospholiphid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. So it has four fatty acid tails instead of the usual two acting as a molecular wedge that blends the membrane into cristae shape. So, it physically positions the respiratory complexes so they can hand electrons to each other efficiently. Now, when cardiolipin fails, so we have this thing called Barth syndrome, which is a genetic disorder, patients with Barthe syndrome have a gene mutation

7:33 that prevents normal cardiolypin remodeling. So cristae never form properly and children develop severe heart failure and exercise intolerance from the time they're infants. And so basically the way this, and you can see if you're watching the video, this little diagram, cardiolipin is oxidized, cristaflatin, respiratory complexes scatter, cytochrome C detaches, then we have free radical production, which then triggers cell death and then ends up causing a host of chronic disease. So that's kind of the process. This is going to be important for how SS31 plays into all of this.

8:04 Now, what does SS31 do? So for its first decade, SS 31 was called a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. This is now considered incomplete. You've probably heard of mitochondrial antioxidants. For instance, urolithin A. But SS-31 reduces oxidative stress as a downturn effect, not as primary mechanism. So actually, working as an antioxidant directly, but through this process that it's doing, it is actually preventing the buildup of oxidation. And so indirectly, its kind of an anti-oxidant. It's more of a preventative oxidant, meaning that its not working a direct antioxidate.

8:37 Its preventing a lot of oxidative stress that is going to come as a result. Now let's look at what does. So at first binds to cardiolipin, which then stabilizes the cristae and the mitochondria. And then it assembles super complex cause with which, then enhance cytochrome C. Should we go back to that diagram? We just looked at a minute ago, SS 31 is reversing a lot of issues that come as a result of these diseases. It basically is a membrane restoring agent. It has antioxidant effects downstream. it improves ATP synthesis and it protects against cell death as an upstream agent that causes those downstream actions in the body that end up leading

9:15 us to have better health. And so you can kind of see the theme here. SS-31 is going so far upstream that it's enhancing everything at a cellular level, which again, this is why I love this peptide so much. When you look at all these different mitochondrial things, they all kind have different roles, but SS 31 to me is almost like the Godfather. It's doing so many things above stream that is having all of these downstream effects on the body. Now, why is SS31 unique? So what's cool about SS 31 is there's no receptor required.

9:45 So most peptides act on receptors. They're kind of little molecules, they go to a receptor, and they send a message and then they do their effect. BPC, CJC, Ipamelan, semen glutide, those all work on the receptors, SS-31 actually doesn't work specifically on receptor. It accumulates in an organelle and changes the physical properties of a membrane. So because of this, we actually don't have desensitization. I'm going to talk about why that matters, but then also still why we want to cycle it. So, because it doesn't bind to receptor, SS31 is technically not desentitized. The same way that BPC157 works on the receptor.

10:17 Same way a GLP works in the GLPR receptor SS 31 is going actually into the mitochondrial membrane. Its effects depend on a structural state of the Mitochondria themselves. And so in young, healthy mitochondria, SS 31 doesn't really have a lot to do because it's going in and it is already working really good. But in an aged or damaged one, it has a great deal to. And you can see the picture I have here of the construction site. That is what it doing is going to say, Oh man, this building needs a remodel or to come and do that. If the building is working well, probably not going do a whole lot.

10:48 So the worse the mitochondrial state, the more dramatic the effect is, but I do want you to understand unlike a lot of other peptides, and this is what makes it unique, is that it doesn't necessarily bind to receptor the way that those specifically are. It's going even further upstream than that. Now, who is SS31-4? What does it actually do and who does help? One, we have the mid-30s optimizer. I kind of think of SS-31 as doing a whole lot for everyone. Can kind work in almost everyone the same way, that red light can kind almost work on everyone, but let's talk about specific populations that do well

11:18 with it. So when they use SS31 for someone in their mid 30s, they're going to notice longer recovery, variable energy and less restorative sleep. And so there was a study that showed a single dose of measurably improved ATP production in older adult skeletal muscle. Typically in people's mid thirties, that's when I see a lot of hormonal decline, a of this buildup of chronic disease. For athletes can be wonder peptide for athletes. So for someone that already prioritizes sleep, nutrition, and periodization and has good mitochondrial density, but limited mitochondria quality,

11:49 SS31 addresses the quality not quantity. Again, for somebody that is under a lot of stress, particularly stress in the form of exercise, it's going to do wonders there. Post-illness recovery helps with long COVID, post-viral fatigue, postsepsis, or post surgical recovery. The 5 to 10 milligram tier for this population was going I'm going to talk about the different dosing tiers here in a minute. And then the metabolic dysfunction patient, so someone with elevated fasting insulin, pre-diabetes, mild dyslipidemia, family history of cardiovascular disease.

12:19 It pairs well, obviously, with resistance training if you have those things. This is why I think it's so important, and I'll talk this too when we talk the other peptide section, of pairing this with a GLP. A lot of people that have severe metabolic disfunction, you're 50, 100 pounds overweight, there is a very high chance that your mitochondria are going to be dysfunctional. And so when we look at a GLP, it's going do what it does and do it pretty well, but it is not going actually address the structural state of the mitochondrial like SS31 will. I think, again, that's probably the biggest use case in the population is these people with metabolic dysfunction.

12:52 Now, should anyone skip it? I think for someone that's like in their young 20s, they're probably not going to notice a whole lot if they are doing everything properly. Now if you have someone in there 20's that is drinking a lot and partying a and not living healthy, is overweight, obese, SS31 can do wonders, but if someone's in they might not notice. And I've talked to people that have taken it and they were like, I don't really notice if I get anything out of it, but it still can be beneficial. In that sense, I think they're just going to notice less. If you have pregnancy, active cancer, or anything that you would kind of fall on that contraindication thing, probably stay away just because we don' really

13:31 know yet because it hasn't been studied in those populations. And I also think too, that the more peptides that you're doing, SS31 is going to amplify those peptide, but they're probably, it's probably going have diminishing returns, meaning that if you do two milligrams of SS 31 and you are super optimized, I don't know that your going get any more benefit out of 20 milligrams SS-31. However, for someone that has a chronic disease, they could stand a benefit a lot by doing 10 times a dose. So from 2 milligrams to 20 milligram. Kind of depends on the user, that would be the one case I would say you might not notice as much.

14:02 Now, Let's talk about the dosing ladder. So I get a lot of confusion around this, and I'm probably as responsible as anybody for confusing people about dosings. And so I want to kind of walk through this definitively in a video because I haven't done it in awhile that I can remember. I like to think of this as like three tiers. We have tier one, which is one to two milligrams a day. You could even do as low as 500 micrograms per day but this is the general optimization tier. So this going to be background mitochondrial support for people in their 30s and 40s that just want something to kind of work in the background to make

14:35 them healthier. This is typically what I do if I'm running it just for optimization purposes, not trying to necessarily do anything. Now we can move to tier two where we have two to five milligrams per day. And this is going to be more for performance. So athletes pursuing recovery and increased exercise capacity. You're going notice more of a benefit here than you would at the one to two milligrams range, in my opinion, and based on what I've done in, my own research and working with people. Then we have users in their 50s and 60s with subclinical decline. And then the progress HF trial, which is for heart failure, used four milligrams in this range.

15:07 So again, I think that tier two is where you feel like your health is probably slipping a little bit and you just need to back up. I thing it works really well there. And then the five to 10 milligrams per day, this is where I would call the chronic illness and significant dysfunction range. So documented mitochondrial decline, post illness recovery, advanced metabolic disease, I'd say you'd want to get into this range, obviously we know that the FDA approved dose is 40 milligrams daily. Now, that 40 milligrams is for people with a severe genetic disease. And in my opinion, although I don't think you would harm yourself in going that high, I think there are dramatically diminishing returns for someone that

15:43 goes from 10 milligrams a day to 40 milligram per day if you don' have that genetic dysfunction. Now does that mean that you can't go higher if can afford it? No, I would say take all the SS31 you want. Take as much as you can actually, because up to 40 milligrams, it seems like there is absolutely zero downsides other than just the pain of injecting and maybe a little injection site reaction. And so I will say it really comes down to what you could afford. I think that one to two milligrams per day is better than nothing, obviously, and I that's just a background dose. Two to five if you wanted an increase in performance and to actually kind of feel something.

16:14 Then for people with chronic illnesses, even someone I've heard of people who have severe migraines, taking five to 10 milligrams per day and within 30 days or migraines are gone. And so it's just one of those things like understand there's nuance when it goes into dosing. Nothing is wrong. So if you're taking 500 micrograms, that doesn't make you wrong, if your taking 10mg that does not make it wrong I think it is very person dependent on what dose does what. For me personally, I've done up to ten milligrams a day consecutively. I don't know that I stand to gain that much versus when I do two milligrams.

16:46 I've done both and to me, they feel about the same, but that could be reflective of my mitochondrial health, meaning that extra isn't necessarily better. However, if let's say I had severe metabolic dysfunction, some kidney issues, maybe I have lost 70 pounds on a GLP and I got some lingering inflammation from some of this residual toxicity that's been in my body, I think SS31 at 10 milligrams a day is a miracle peptide, again, because of what I seen it do. And so again, just use context, but those would be the dosing tier. And I think too, there's nothing wrong with starting low and going slow.

17:17 So start at 0.5 or one milligrams and titrate your way up. But there is no need to jump to 10 milligrams a day. Obviously too this becomes cost prohibitive. It is a little bit harder to find now. Also too it can be kind of pricey if you're doing 10mg a days because in a lot of cases that's one whole bottle a Day, which may cost someone like 80 to 200 bucks depending on where they get it from. Just be aware of that. And so there's a little chart here, general longevity, one to two milligrams a day, athletic performance, three to five milligrams per day. Cognitive enhancement, two to four milligrams for day post-illness recovery, five to 10 milligrams.

17:49 If you're working on healing and injury, I think two, to 4 milligrams today with BPC and TB 500 could do well for metabolic health, 2 to 5, cardiovascular optimization, and then preconditioning for MOTC. We'll talk about this in a bit, 3 to, 5 milligrams Cognitive effects are largely indirect. SS-31 has poor blood brain barrier penetration and improvements in cognitive endurance, reflects systemic energy availability, not direct CNS action. And we'll talk a little bit about human and about how that can be different.

18:19 Cycle wise, you know, I like the eight to 12 week cycle, four weeks off. Again, I'll talk about this on another slide, but when we look at cycling, again, the way the SS31 works, we don't necessarily have desensitization to it, But I am a fan of inserting some other mitochondrial players while we're cycling off of SS 31 just to kind of get a different stimulus. That's up for debate. We don't really know a whole lot about the sensitivity buildup to SS31. It does seem to work pretty well over time and that seemed to have a lot of down regulation.

18:50 But again, it's just something that we don' know. So timing wise, window dose, daily dosing is standard. And so I like it every day or at least five days on, two days off. And consistency is very important. For me, morning is preferred. So again, there is no right or wrong when it comes to this. I prefer the morning because for me it has an energizing effect that can interfere with my sleep. If that's what you want to do, by all means do it.

19:20 Some people sleep really good when they do that. For me, every time I've taken SS31 at night, I don't sleep well. I can't fall asleep. It tends to stimulate me. And so I avoid taking it at nighttime and I like to take it in the morning. Consistency over perfection. Structural mitochondrial improvements accumulate over weeks. So daily consistency drives outcomes more than any single dose timing decision. I know for a lot of people that's really hard. For me, I take my peptides pretty much every day, whatever I'm doing. But for some people, that can be very hard, they only want to do a once per week injection.

19:50 And this does not seem to work the way that a GLP would in that once-per-week kind of timeframe. What should you expect and when? Week one, you might see some acute effects. It might be placebo though, so just don't draw conclusions yet. Weeks three to six, there's more reliable signal that emerges. So energy recovery and sleep quality improvements become distinguishable from placebo. And then weeks eight to 12, chronic structural improvement develops. This is the window for objective biomarker assessment. Also too, if you do have chronic issues, don' t expect those first four to five weeks to really see that much change.

20:23 this is something that is going to come over time. And I've even seen people that have taken SS 31 for a year and a half, two years plus, and they really didn't see the biomarker changes until a years after. But I have seen, I know one guy in his 80s that took it in this PSA drop from like a nine to like one. And so again, it's going to be one of those things, the cumulative effect of it is going matter much more than you're going feel in like two weeks, which again that's what everyone wants, right? So let's talk about cycling a bit. Why should we cycle at all?

20:53 So because SS31 doesn't classically desensitize, why should cycle it? One, we have behavioral feedback, so it prevents the masking of the body's own feedback signals. So off cycles reveal what SS 31 is actually doing. I personally experienced this. So when I'm on SS31, it just seems like everything else is working better. And I like that to know that, hey, I am taking this and everything's working. When I go off of it, doesn't mean that I become vastly unhealthy, but I do miss doing SS 31. Now that's why I will put another mitochondrial player in

21:24 the off cycles to kind of simulate the same effect. Also, too, we look at safety margin. It provides a buffer against unknown long term effects. So again, when it comes to peptide stuff is better be safe than sorry. But even with one hundred and sixty eight week safety data, it's proven practice to include a breaks. Again, clinical trials of this and using it for 168 weeks straight, there were no adverse health consequences. And then also too, I like cycling because it allows an assessment of durable benefit after stopping. So if benefits persist for 48 weeks off cycle, structural improvement is real.

21:56 I do notice this, although I feel better when I'm on SS31, it does seem to have a prolonged effect for at least another four to eight weeks when i go off of it. Then maybe you can notice that it might be time to add it back in. Cycling wise, I like eight weeks on, four weeks off, or eight week on eight-weeks off. And then you can end up doing three to four cycles per year that way. If you want to be aggressive, you do 12 weeks-on four-weeks-off. I don't think there's anything wrong with doing continuous low dose, so one to two milligrams daily indefinitely. A lot of people do that and there is nothing that I could say that would be deleterious from doing that.

22:30 And then if you want to do a targeted acute cycle, so for surgery recovery, if your building up for competition, acute illness, this is where I would do the higher dose for a shorter period of time. So benefits typically persist two to four weeks after stopping with gradual return toward the baseline over four to eight weeks and periodic cycling maintains benefit without requiring continuous use. And it's also probably a little bit better on your pocketbook too. Now, let's talk about SS31 as a pre-cycle for MATC. So there's a lot of debate out there about using MAT-C first, using SS 31 first.

23:03 Maybe I'm one of the people that perpetuated this idea that you want to do SS31 first, and I am going to explain why. I don't think it really matters at the end of day. If you wanna do Mozi first hey, by all means go do it. But I've talked to a lot of really smart people, a lots of smart doctors that have this philosophy and this is kind of where I derive this. So SS 31, think of it as the structural engineer. It repairs cristae, stabilizes the physical structure of mitochondria and forms super complexes. If we look at mod C, this is gonna be more like an operations manager. So it drives metabolic signals like AMPK, PGC1 alpha, and it promotes mitochondrial biogenesis.

23:36 And when we looked at that, okay, what would we rather do? Would we repair the structure before we send a bunch of signals? Or would would rather send signals to a structure that is not doing that well? I think it would be the former, meaning that I would drive a better structure, before I send the bunches of signal to it. When we look at that, I prefer doing SS-31 first. Again, if you want to do MOTC first, hey, by all means. I have, however, seen a lot of people that do motc first and one, they either get really tired.

24:07 Two, They have bad reactions. So they have like an immune system reaction to it, which is a whole different beast in and of itself. but we bring in the operations manager before the engineer has done a structural work and you push compromised infrastructure harder than it can handle. And ultimately that's the way I like to think about it. Do I want to push my infrastructure, harder they can to handle? Do want rev the engine of a 1998 Toyota Camry? No, I would like replace the first and then drive the harder, which is why I think you should do SS 31 first.

24:37 But again, at this point, we don't have a study to compare it, We don' have any tangible data, We just have real world experience, and I will say in my experience this tends to work better for a lot of people. So, let's look at reconstitution. Very simple. If you have a 10mg bottle, add 2ml of water. 1ml would be 20 units, 2mls would 40 units etc etc. if you had a 20mL bottle you add two mL of waters, 1 mg would 10 units and so again that's pretty easy. That's what the peptide cheat sheet is for. You can just use backwater. You know, that's fine.

25:07 Backwater is fine there. There's no special water or anything for this one. Again, just sanitize, withdraw the 2ml, shoot down the side of the vial wall and then swirl and just make sure you label it. I like to label all my bottles with how much water I put in so I know exactly every time. And then obviously too I use pins and pins make everything a lot easier. And again, injection site, I like my abs for this one. You can do your front or outer thigh, back of the upper arm. I have heard a lot of people say they tend to desensitize the last two peptides when they are rotating the injection sites. So again how much of that is rooted in data?

25:39 I don't know, but it seems to be a anecdotal thing that practically helps people. But again it's just a subcutaneous injection. Very easily you can use a 29 to 31 gauge insulin syringe. And I will say, Four injecting every day is one of the easier ones to inject. Most of time it doesn't sing. I don't really notice it. It mixes really well. Don't ever have like any sort of injection site reactions. The higher the dose is, so when I get closer to like the five or ten milligram dose, sometimes I'll get like a little itching or redness at the injection sight.

26:10 With the lower dose I tend to get that though. Storage and travel. Obviously I like to keep everything in the fridge. Seems to be good. I've used SS31 that's been mixed for up to like five or six months and it doesn't seem to not work. So it works good traveling SS 31. Uh, I don't like put it in my carry on. Uh, use an insulin cooler when you're doing it. And then if you do bring it through, just make sure that you, uh, if are bringing through as a carry on just let TSA, you know that,

26:45 that. You have medication and I've heard people say that and they're usually fine with the T. S. A. So what should we track? Um, Subjective markers, so just look at our energy on waking at the end of the workday, recovery 24 hours after hard training, sleep quality, you could use your aura ring for that, cognitive endurance under focused work, training perceived effort, mood and wellbeing, and then exercise tolerance. And then from a biomarker standpoint, obviously you can just do a comprehensive panel. but I like a metabolic panel, lipid panel fasting insulin, A1C, CRP is huge.

27:18 I love to look at people's CRPs. People bring down their CRPS from like three to five down to below one using just SS31 alone. So if you do have some lingering inflammation, I've seen SS 31 work really well there. Ferritin, vitamin D, and then a thyroid panel. And then for specific mitochondrial concerns, you can look at urine, organic acids, blood lactate, pyruvate, performance metrics, obviously your HRV, resting heart rate, VO2, grip strength, those things also can help as well. Let's talk about stacking for a second.

27:49 So when we look at SS31, obviously, like we said, it works on the structure. It repairs and stabilizes the physical infrastructure. And this is why I like doing four to eight weeks by itself. Now, where does MoZC come in? So MozC sends metabolic signals through AMPK activation and PGC1 alpha. I like to add after SS31 foundation is established. You can even do SS 31 in addition to Mozi so you can layer in the Moci on top of the SS-31. I think that works really well. When I've done that myself, it seems to work really and I have seen other people do that.

28:19 And then we can, after doing that, bring in humanin. So human in is more of a cell protective agent. And so it works on a site of protection. I would consider this after SS 31 and MATC are established. You could even do human before SS-31.I've kind of gone back and forth on that. Again, I don't think there's any wrong or right answer, but that's the typical order I go SS31, MAT-C, then human and then back to SS, 31, and human. And then again too, if you wanted to keep going with the SS31, bringing in the Mozi, I think that can work really well too.

28:52 And I've seen a lot of people have good results with that. Some complimentary stacks, i think SS 31 and BPC-TB works really for healing two to four milligrams of SS-31 while doing that SS31 plus a GH peptide, CJC IPA, TESSA, HGH itself, works on mitochondrial quality plus quantity. And so I like to run, obviously I'm running some sort of GH Peptide at all times. An SS 31 to GLP, I think this is one of the best things that we can add on to the GLPs in addition to hormone optimization and HTH. Supplementation via HEH or a peptide.

29:23 I think SS31 alongside a GLP works fantastic. It helps preserve muscle mitochondria during caloric deficit. If I could wave my wand and have a study done, I would love to pair SS 31 with a TERS or RETA and see how well people do in addition. I will caveat though and say, I think SS31 because it seems to amplify everything, people respond much more to a lower dose of their GLP, which means that sometimes they can get way worse nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, et cetera, because the SS 31 is amplifying their cellular response

29:58 to the GLPs. So just be aware of that. If you're on 10 milligrams of RETA and then you bring in SS31, just aware that that may happen because I've seen that happen to people. And again, that's just speculation on my part, but do be SS31, CMAX, Celanx, Dihexa, Nupept, any of those, it works really good for energy and neurotransmitter support because they're complementary. There's a lot of mitochondria in the brain and although it doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier, that effectively it is working at a cellular level to enhance all the mitochondrion in body. And then SS 31, the Testimonella, I already mentioned that, visceral fat reduction plus mitochondrial efficiency.

30:29 I do think SS-31 as we are pushing through fat loss is going to help sustain the caloric deficit and everything that is downregulated in your body because you are changing the energy state, SS kind of seems to help push through those plateaus. There is no known absolute antagonisms, but just be smart. I always like to say when you're doing this, introduce one agent at a time, separated by at least a week so you know what's going on. So you have a really good sample set of what you are doing and how everything is working. Now let's move on to some troubleshooting because I would say this is something that I do see and I kind of put together the things I see on a regular

31:04 basis when I look at SS31. So here are the main ones. The main one is people say, I don't feel anything. I'm taking all this SS 31, whether it's one or 10 milligrams, and here's why. One, you may already be functioning well. And so I think that's not necessarily a bad thing. just know that it's doing stuff under the hood. So underlying mitochondrial function is already good. SS31 works best in dysfunction, meaning that we're going to see more pronounced effect. The more dysfunction someone has, the dose could be too low. If you're doing one milligram, two milligrams, escalate to three to five milligrams for several weeks before drawing conclusions.

31:36 Sub-threshold dosing produces sub- threshold results in a lot of people. The duration could be too short. Again, this is one that's going to accumulate over time. And so while I recommend eight to 12 week cycles, I have no problem if you want to do it for a year in a row. So give it at least three to four weeks before drawing conclusions. The structural mitochondrial changes take time to manifest as actual subjective improvements. Obviously source quality, just check your source. I think SS 31, you know, it's getting harder to find because I know it has to be approved now, but if know what you're doing, don't have to worry about it.

32:06 And then sometimes there's just underlying issues SS31 can't fix. So hypothyroidism, iron deficiency, low vitamin D, sleep apnea, depression, hormone deficiency. Those are all things that SS 31 is not going to make you make more testosterone. It may transiently bump it because of what it's doing, but it is going fix those hormone deficiencies. I would always say that's important to keep in mind. Now, injection site reactions, I briefly mentioned this. So the most common adverse event in every clinical trial was just the transient injection-site reactions. Some people get redness, warmth, swelling, and itching for hours to days at the injection side.

32:39 Again, for me, this happened at higher doses. At the lower doses, haven't really got this, but just make sure that you are rotating every site that's not injecting the same site every time. Use a fresh needle, slow injection over five seconds. And then sometimes it's better to use the peptide at room temperature. draw it in syringe, leave it out for an hour or so. You won't have to worry about degradation in that sort of a window. And typically when it's room temperature, it a little bit better. Um, and then when to discontinue. So if you have severe hypersensitivity, which I rarely see, you would probably want to stop, especially beyond two weeks.

33:13 Uh, if have any sort new serious medical condition or pregnancy or active malignancy, like I talked about, I will say that a lot of people, not a probably 10 to 20% of people, uh, within the first one to two weeks do get headaches and these usually resolve, um, over time, but hydration helps. And so a lot of times that's going to be meaning that you're going be repleting a ton more electrolytes, magnesium, sodium, potassium. Um, and that seems to help a lotta people. Uh, But I will say that is not uncommon to see people have headaches within those first 1 to 2 weeks.

33:46 Again, that why I like saying, Start low and go slow. Transient energy worsening. So some people do have a Herxheimer style response. Give it a seven to 10 days. Usually that goes away by the two week mark. But again, because of what it's doing, a lot of times when the body goes into repair mode, it wants you to slow down. And so it going to have this response, which is like the Herkzheimer style reactions just be aware that's a possibility doesn't happen in everyone but i think the worst condition someone's in the higher likelihood that is to happen and then again just know that there could be counterfeit products so you

34:17 might not be getting what you think you're getting or you may be Frequently asked questions, is it legal? Again, it's FDA approved for bar syndrome. That doesn't mean that your doctor can't prescribe it off label. How's it different than MitoQ and other supplements? MioQ is a mitochondria targeted CoQ10 that scavenges free radicals after production. SS31 stabilize the membrane so fewer free radicles are produced. And again, that's the big difference between SS 31 and direct antioxidants.

34:48 CoQ10 is electron transport chain substrate. SS31 improves the structural environment where Coq10 operates, so they are complementary. PQQ also has much weaker clinical evidence than either Co Q10 or SS 31. And then right now there are no oral routes. There is a company that is developing something called Bevimaprotide, which is SBT 272 for oral use. I have never seen anything that supports that intranasal work. So I do know people sell that, but I've never Go back to how efficient it crosses the blood-brain barrier, which is not very efficient.

35:21 I don't think intranasal is worth doing. This is going to be one that you have to inject. Looking at some use cases, when we look at weight loss, it's not a weight-loss agent. We will see probably modest waste reduction. because of better insulin sensitivity, but it doesn't interfere with ketosis or fat adaptation. For long COVID, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, there's no trials around this, But I have seen really good results for athletic performance. I think it works really well just for recovery and energy in athletic populations. We don't really know anything about it in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

35:53 Again, metformin, I've never seen anything wrong with it, There could be a theoretical concern with complex one electron transport chain activity. But we don't seem to see any problems with this TRT. I think it works really well in conjunction with TR T for kids and teens I get asked a lot about this. Don't talk about it that much publicly That's more of a private group discussion, but it's approved for bar central patrons over 30 kilograms including children Otherwise most kids don' really need it, But I will say if you do have a child that seems to be suffering from mitochondrial dysfunction There

36:26 could be worse things. And then again, research and pharmaceutical, they're the same thing. It's just that research is obviously made a little bit differently than pharmaceutical which is made in a compounding pharmacy. Cost-wise research, you're going to get it for like 80 to 200 bucks. Pharmaceutical, it can be over $100,000 per year. So just be aware of that from a pharmaceutical perspective from what I can find. I don't know compounding pharmacies price list or anything like that, but just to be of it. Future outlook, I think this is cool because we do see it being used in other applications.

36:56 We have dry AMD, which is age-related macular degeneration. Trial of 40 milligram daily for 48 weeks in age-related or macular degeneration, AMD mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in retinal pigment epithelium failure. So it's being studied right now. Primary mitochondria myopathy phase three trial in nuclear DNA replisome mutations, a more genetically defined population than the bar syndrome patients. And then in healthy aging, they're looking at it in the context of the health span competition, the XPRIZE health band competition.

37:26 and so it is optimization adjacent research. It is being looked at for those things, which I do think it will do well. It does seem to have an effect on the eyes, although some people don't notice it. Some people get improved vision because our eyes are very mitochondrial dense. And when we improve that, obviously the eyesight tends to improve. This SBT-272, um, or peptidomimetic analog of SS31 with two critical improvements over the parent compound. It tends to work a little bit more on the brain and is also designed to survive digestion, which is the primary limitation of ss31.

38:00 So that will be interesting. I know there are a couple of research sites that are selling that as an injection. Now, again, like I said, it tends to be better at crossing the blood-brain barrier than SS31. I personally haven't tried it, but that's kind of where we're headed and hopefully we get oral bioavailability. That would be really cool to see if we have something like that. When we look at where the field is heading, one, can mitochondria-targeted gene therapy move beyond rare genetic diseases? That seems to what we are seeing. And I think from an application standpoint, we're seeing applications of things like SS31 for heart failure, AMD, neurodegeneration,

38:33 and sarcopenia because they all involve mitochondrial dysfunction. And then again, will probably see this studied across a whole host of thing into the future because mitochondria health is at the center of so much that we look at. Then again to the central nervous system penetration, that's what they are looking with SBT272 to actually do better. So there is just a reference card if you want to screenshot that it has a lot of the things that we talked about on there today. And then just to look at the foundations, again, as with all peptides, SS31 is a tool.

39:05 It works best when a foundation is in place. I would even say in a lotta cases, it really only works when the foundation's in Sleep, nutrition, training, stress management, relationships, all are important. SS31 sits on top of that foundation and supports the mitochondrial infrastructure. Everything else depends on. So just remember that as with all the peptides that we talk about, I think it's even more important to the conversation about SS 31 because if you're using it, you are not going to get the bang for your buck if your not doing those things properly. And so just to sum up, honest assessment, we know it works in bar syndrome.

39:36 We know what helps with skeletal muscle ATP production. It has a really good safety profile. What will be interesting to see is how well it does in heart failure. There was a trial that it didn't meet the needs necessarily become approved for heart. But when we look at healthy aging optimization, chronic fatigue, some of these things, I think we that works is just we don't have a lot of clinical data to back that up. And then just closing out a transition moment in medicine, I think SS31 is one of those things that like not enough people know about,

40:06 but when we look at it, there's going to be so many things, that could be addressed with SS 31. So I, think it's just the beginning of what will become a family of mitochondria targeted compounds. MATSI humanin, this SBT272, as we move into some of these maybe becoming orally bioavailable or modifications that make them able to be used oraly, I think it's going to something that we are just on the forefront of really understanding. And when we look at this, it is going be one of those things like in addition to GLPs that everyone's like, yeah, i'm on a mitochondria peptide because

40:36 it makes everything better. And that is it for the slides. And, that, is my masterclass of SS31. So, hopefully it was helpful to you guys. I know it's a little bit longer than my typical videos, but let me know what you think. but I would love to hear your thoughts and feedback on this one. Again, just in closing, I love SS31. I will put it in my top five peptides, probably my three peptide for how good it is.

41:09 It is something that, as far as it stands for me right now, at some point throughout the year, a use of SS 31, no matter how healthy or how sick I am, does so many amazing things and we can reap so much benefit from being on it. Really, after a person becomes 25, there's a used case in nearly every person walking the planet just because of what it does. And then you throw the environmental stressors and lifestyle stressor on top of it. It even works that much better. So thank you guys. In closing, I always want you to know the fact that I get to do this and create this content is a dream come true for me.

41:40 Whatever shape, form, or fashion it is that you support me, just know that that are appreciated and you are loved. Whether you use my code of places or on the email list, share with your friends and family, whatever it you do to support, thank so much. it goes so further than you probably realize in helping me bring this to you. Again, looking forward to your feedback on this one. And I will continue to crank out these master classes if they get good feedback and good, good responses from you guys out there. So thank you in closing and I'll see you next time.

42:11 Peace.